A History of Pilgrimage in Japan: From Sacred Mountains to Public Routes

Japanese pilgrimage is not one route, one religion, or a single method of travel. It encompasses a wide range of forms and traditions. It includes circuits of Buddhist temples and journeys to shrines. Sacred mountain practice and visits to groups of Kannon sites are also part of the tradition. So are regional replicas and neighborhood circuits completed in a day. The Japanese word junrei (巡礼) broadly refers to pilgrimage, while route-specific words such as henro carry their own histories.

The most useful way to understand pilgrimage is as a changing relationship between sacred places and roads, shaped further by texts and local hospitality as well as the people able to travel.

Early journeys joined worship to difficult landscapes

Long before modern route maps, monks and ascetics traveled to mountains and coastlines. Caves and waterfalls were also destinations for religious practice, as were remote temples. Official Shikoku history describes early Shikoku as a distant edge where Buddhist monks and practitioners associated with Shugendō undertook austerities. The familiar numbered circuit did not yet exist.

Sacred geography mattered because the journey itself could be practice. Distance and danger shaped the meaning of travel, as did fasting and prayer, along with encounters with particular places. Mountain traditions also developed through the long interaction of kami worship and Buddhism explained in the shinbutsu shūgō history.

Founding stories often place a saint or monk at the beginning of a route, or a deity or miraculous image. These stories are central to religious memory, but they should not always be read as documentary evidence for the route’s exact historical formation.

Circuits became recognizable through institutions and records

Pilgrimage routes formed over time as institutions and patrons linked sacred places into repeatable sequences, with guide figures and travelers reinforcing those connections. The Saigoku Kannon pilgrimage connected thirty-three temples, while the Shikoku pilgrimage eventually became associated with eighty-eight temples and Kōbō Daishi, also known as Kūkai.

The official Shikoku history is careful about uncertainty. It says the pilgrimage’s beginning is not known with certainty and describes several stages before a fixed group of eighty-eight sites emerged around the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. That distinction matters. Association with Kūkai is religiously powerful, but the standardized route developed across later centuries.

Numbering gave pilgrims a shared structure without requiring every journey to be identical. Even today, official Shikoku guidance says there is no single official path between all temples and that the starting point and order remain the pilgrim’s choice.

Print and Edo-period travel widened participation

Stable roads and lodging helped pilgrimage move beyond small groups of specialists, as did guidebooks and a growing travel culture. Shikoku’s official history highlights Chōzen’s Shikoku Henro Nikki of 1653 and Shinnen’s route guide of 1687 as influential publications for general readers.

Pilgrimage could combine devotion with sightseeing and social contact, as well as relief from ordinary life. Journeys to Ise became major popular movements, while Kannon circuits and regional sacred routes attracted people with varied means and motives. Restrictions on travel still existed, but religious purpose could provide a recognized reason to leave home.

Hospitality became part of route culture. On Shikoku, osettai refers to gifts or help offered to pilgrims. The practice reflects a relationship between traveler and community, not a free service to demand. Modern pilgrims should receive it with gratitude and follow the current local guidance.

Routes changed under the modern state

The Meiji period reorganized religious institutions and separated Shinto and Buddhism. It also transformed transport and administration. Some pilgrimage practices declined or adapted, while others became newly categorized. Railways later made distant sacred destinations easier to reach, while buses and roads changed how circuits could be completed.

Modern transport did not make walking meaningless. It created multiple legitimate forms of participation. Official Shikoku materials acknowledge pilgrims traveling on foot, by bicycle, or by motorized transport such as car or bus; motivations may be religious, cultural, athletic, or personal.

War and economic conditions have continued to reshape routes, as have road development and depopulation, along with tourism. A "traditional path" may include restored historic segments and modern roads, along with ferry crossings and practical detours, rather than one unchanged medieval line.

Pilgrimage expanded through regional and miniature circuits

Communities created smaller versions of famous routes by gathering images and earth from distant sites, or by importing symbolic associations from them. These miniature circuits let people participate locally when long-distance travel was difficult. Urban circuits such as Seven Lucky Gods pilgrimages also show how sacred travel can fit a neighborhood and a seasonal calendar.

The Seven Lucky Gods pilgrimage guide focuses on planning those compact routes. Their history belongs to the wider pattern of making sacred geography repeatable at different scales.

Contemporary popular culture also uses the language of pilgrimage for visits to locations associated with films and anime, as well as historical figures. The analogy can be meaningful, but it should not erase the specific worship and institutions of religious routes, nor the communities that sustain them.

What remains constant and what does not

There is no universal requirement to walk every kilometer or visit in numerical order. Wearing a pilgrim uniform or holding one particular religious belief is likewise not universally required. Route organizations may set specific procedures for certification and temple stamps, as well as for sacred clothing or restricted trails, so local guidance still matters.

Across periods, several themes recur:

• travel links sacred places into a lived sequence;
• roads and hospitality shape the experience as much as destinations;
• stories, books, maps, and stamps make routes legible;
• people undertake the same circuit for different reasons;
• local communities maintain what visitors experience as heritage.

Receiving a stamp is one part of that system. The goshuin collecting guide explains ordinary shrine and temple seals, while a formal pilgrimage may use a dedicated nōkyōchō and its own order of worship.

The history of pilgrimage is therefore not a march from “religious” to “touristic.” It is a history of overlapping motives and changing access, held together by places that people choose to approach in relation to one another.

Goshuin Atlas pilgrimage routes make those relationships visible on a modern map without pretending that one suggested path is the only historically valid journey.

Sources

• Shikoku Pilgrimage Information Center: History of the Shikoku Pilgrimage
• Shikoku Pilgrimage Information Center: About the Shikoku Pilgrimage
• Shikoku Pilgrimage Information Center: Temples on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
• Ise Jingu: About Ise Jingu

Historical and route references were reviewed on July 29, 2026.